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Cements, Limes, Plasters

A facsimile of the third (1928) edition

Introduction to the 2005 edition by Paul Livesey v Introduction to the 1928 edition v List of tables Introduction v History of the chief cementing material v Relative importance and growth, Production in the United States, Relation to population, United States and Canada v  General trend of costs and prices, Proper use of cost and price data, Trend of cementing materials costs and prices vClassification and relationships of cementing materials v The choice of cementing materials v Chemical, physical, and geologic data, The chemical elements, Heat units, Metric conversion tables, Main classes of rocks, Geologic chronology

PART I PLASTERS

Chapter 1 Composition, distribution, excavation of gypsum

Chemical composition of gypsum v Varieties of gypsum v Physical properties of gypsum v Anhydrite v Occurrence and origin of gypsum deposits v Geologic distribution of gypsum deposits v Distribution of gypsum in the United States v Distribution of gypsum in Canada v Distribution of gypsum in Newfoundland v Examination of gypsum deposits v Excavation and handling of rock gypsum v Mining methods v Working gypsum-earth deposits

Chapter 2 Chemistry of gypsum-burning. Manufacture of plasters

Chemistry of gypsum-burning v Classification of plasters v Commercial classification v Manufacture of plaster of Paris, ‘cement plaster’, and wall plaster, Effect of temperature and time on properties, Grinding gypsum and plaster, Kinds of fuel used, Calcining in ovens, Calcining in kettles, Designs of kettles, Temperatures attained, Actual equipment of kettle-process plants, Calcining in rotary cylinders, Cummer system, Mannheim system, Addition of retarders and accelerators, Wall plaster, Packing weights,  Costs of plaster-manufacture, Analyses of gypsum used in actual practice, References on plaster-manufacture

Chapter 3 Composition, properties, and tests of plasters

Chemical composition of plasters, Theoretical composition, Actual composition of cement plasters v Physical properties and tests of plasters, Weight and specific gravity, Fineness of calcined plasters, Tensile strength, Compressive tests and effect of sand Adhesive tests v Rate of set and hardening, Theory of the action of retarders and accelerators, Materials used as retarders, Effect of retarders on strength of plasters, Use of accelerators, Hardening gypsum and plaster v References on properties and tests of plasters

Chapter 4 Flooring-plasters and hard-finish plasters

Characters of the two groups  v Flooring-plasters, Composition of flooring-plaster, Effects of high temperatures on plasters, Methods of manufacture, Uses of flooring-plasters v Hard-finish plasters, Definition, Keene's cement, Manufacture, Composition, Properties, Mack's cement v References on dead-burned and hard-finish plasters

Chapter 5 The production and utilization of gypsum

Total world's output of gypsum v Gypsum production of the United States, Geologic distribution of gypsum deposits, Geographic distribution, Sources of output by states v Gypsum deposits of France, Analyses of French gypsum v Gypsum production of Canada, Analyses of Canadian gypsum v The uses of gypsum, The structure of the plaster industries, Total United States consumption of gypsum, Canadian gypsum output, Utilization of the United States gypsum

PART II LIMES

Chapter 6 Composition, origin, and characters of limestones

Origin of limestones v Varieties of limestone v Chemical composition of limestone, Presence of magnesia, Presence of silica, alumina, iron, etc  v Geological and geographic distribution of limestones, References on limestone v Shells as sources of lime

Chapter 7 Lime-burning

Theoretical considerations, The burning of a non-magnesian limestone, The burning of a magnesian limestone, Classification of Limes v Methods and costs of lime-burning, Heat requirements in lime-burning,Types of lime-kilns, Intermittent kilns, Vertical kilns with mixed feed, Vertical kilns with separate feed, Ring or chamber kilns (Hoffmann kilns), Rotary kilns, The overburning of lime, Actual fuel requirements, Fuels actually used, Utilization of carbonic acid gas from lime-kilns, Costs of lime-manufacture, Detailed estimates of cost, Actual costs of lime-manufacture, Statistics of the lime industry

Chapter 8 Composition and properties of lime

General properties v High-calcium vs. magnesium times v Composition of commercial high-calcium limes, lean or poor limes v Composition of commercial magnesian limes v lime-slaking, Effect of impurities present, Expansion of volume, Effect of the presence of magnesia, Method of slaking lime in ordinary practice v Use of lime mortars v Strength of lime mortars

Chapter 9 Hydrated lime: its preparation and properties

Preparation of hydrated lime, Grinding the quicklime, Mixing with water,Sieving the product v Standards for packing, etc v Cost of equipment v Tests of hydrated lime, Mixture of hydrated lime and Portland cement v References on hydrated lime v Statistics of hydrated lime

Chapter 10 Manufacture and properties of lime-sand bricks

Definition v Early history of the industry, 1838-1856 v Theory of lime-sand brick manufacture v General processes of lime-sand brick manufacture, Necessary properties of the sand, Drying the sand, Necessary properties of the lime, Methods of slaking the lime, Proportions of mixture, Methods of molding, Methods of hardening the bricks, Costs of plant and manufacture, Composition of lime-sand bricks, Physical properties of lime-sand bricks, Tests of lime-sand bricks, Comparison with clay bricks, Comparison with natural sandstone, Statistics of the limes and brick industry

PART III MAGNESIA AND OXYCHLORIDE CEMENTS

Chapter 11 Sources and preparation of magnesia

Sources of magnesia v

Magnesite as a source of magnesia, Composition and character of magnesite, Occurrence and origin of magnesite, Distribution of magnesite deposits, American and Canadian deposits, European and Asiatic deposits, Analyses of commercial magnesite, Effects of heating magnesite, Methods of burning magnesite, Composition of the product, Use of magnesite for preparation of carbonic acid, etc. v Magnesian limestones as sources of magnesia, Occurrence of magnesian limestones in the United States, Analyses of magnesian limestones, Extraction of magnesia from magnesian limestones, Scheibler process, Closson process v Sea-water and brines as sources of magnesia, Extraction of magnesia from sea-water v References on magnesite, sources of magnesia, etc.

Chapter 12 Magnesia bricks and oxychloride cements

Magnesia bricks, Manufacture of magnesia bricks, Composition of magnesia bricks, Physical properties of magnesia bricks, References on magnesia bricks v Oxychloride cements, Sorel's discovery, Manufacture of oxychloride cements, Manufacture and properties of Sorel stone, Manufacture, Strength, Durability, Recent practice: flooring cements, Recent practice: stuccos, References on oxychloride cements, Sorel stone, etc.

PART IV HYDRAULIC LIMES, SELENITIC LIMES, AND GRAPPIER CEMENTS

Chapter 13 The theory of hydraulic limes

General discussion v The Hydraulic Index v The Cementation Index v Use of the Cementation Index in classification v Definition of hydraulic limes vSubgroups of hydraulic limes

Chapter 14 Eminently hydraulic limes: grappier cements

Eminently hydraulic limes, Composition of the ideal hydraulic lime, Composition of the actual product, Raw materials; hydraulic limestones, Burning hydraulic lime, Slaking the lime, Sieving the product, Analyses of hydraulic limes, Weight and specific gravity, Tensile and compressive strength, Ratio compressive to tensile strength Proportions for mortars and concretes v Grappier cements, Definition, Composition of grappier cements, Physical properties of grappier cements, Later experiences and tests, References on hydraulic limes and grappier cements
Chapter 15 Feebly hydraulic limes: selenitic limes

Feebly hydraulic limes, General character and index, Analyses of raw material, Analyses of feebly hydraulic limes, Tensile strength, Compressive strength  vSelenitic lime: Scott's cement, Composition, Manufacture of selenitic lime, Tensile strength of selenitic limes, Compressive strength of selenitic limes, References on selenitic limes

PART V NATURAL CEMENTS

Chapter 16 Definition and relations of natural cements

Lack of homogeneity in the group, Definition of natural cements, Relations of natural cements to others v Cementation Index of natural cements, Statement of the index, Example of calculation, Basal assumptions, Use of the Cementation Index, Values of the index for natural cements, Subgroups of the class of natural cements

Chapter 17 Raw material: natural-cement rock

Composition of natural-cement rock v American natural-cement rocks, General discussion v Analyses of American natural-cement rocks, Illinois, Indiana-Kentucky, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin

European natural-cement rocks, General characters and subgroups, Natural Portlands, Roman cements, Natural-cement materials of Belgium, Natural-cement materials of England v Excavation of natural-cement rock, Methods, Costs

References on natural-cement rock

Chapter 18 Manufacture of natural cements

Processes of manufacture  v Burning practice and theory, Chemical changes during burning, Relation of composition to degree of burning, Losses in burning, Types of kiln used, Fuel consumption in burning natural cement, Hard and soft clinker, Seasoning and slaking v Grinding the clinker, General practice, Actual mill equipments of American plants, Types of grinding machinery employed, Separating systems, Power required in grinding, Fineness actually attained v Packing weights v Costs of manufacture, Cost of raw material, Labor costs, Fuel costs, Total costs per barrel v Production of natural cement, United States

Chapter 19 Composition and properties of natural cements

Chemical composition of natural cement, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana-Kentucky, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, West Virginia-Maryland, Wisconsin, Belgium, England, France, Germany-Austria v Physical properties of natural cements, Weight and specific gravity, Rapidity of set, Effects of gypsum or plaster on natural cements, Effect of salt on strength, Tensile strength, Effect of sand on tensile strength, Compressive strength, Effect of heating, Ratio of compressive to tensile strength, Modulus of elasticity 

PART VI PORTLAND CEMENT

Chapter 20 Portland cement: preliminary statements

Definition of Portland cement v Stages in manufacture v Materials used v Composition and constitution v Cementation Index v Silica-alumina ratio v  Kinds of raw material used v Quantity of raw material necessary

Chapter 21 Limestones

Limestones in general, Varieties and origin, Composition of limestones, Impurities of limestones, Physical characters, Effects of heating v Pure hard limestones, Use in cement manufacture, Composition of hard limestones actually used, Prospecting and examining limestone deposits, Preliminary examination, Detailed mapping and sampling v Chalk and other soft limestones, Origin of chalk, Distribution of chalk in the United States, Physical properties, Composition of chalk and soft limestones actually used, Examining chalk deposits, List of references on chalks and soft limestones

Chapter 22 Argillaceous limestone cement rock

Definition v  Cement rock' of the Lehigh district, Geology of the district, Character and composition of the 'cement rock', Quarry practice in the Lehigh district, Cement production of the district, Probable extension of the district, ‘Cement rock’ in other states, Analyses of western 'cement rocks', List of references on 'cement rock'

Chapter 23 Fresh-water marls

Various uses of the term 'marl' v Occurrence of marl deposits v Origin of marl deposits v Geographic distribution of marl deposits v Physical characters of marl v Chemical composition of marl v Analyses of marls actually used v Examining marl deposits v List of references on marls

Chapter 24 Alkali waste: blast-furnace slag

Use of by-products as cement materials v Alkali waste, Leblanc process waste, Ammonia process waste, Analyses of alkali wastes, List of references on alkali waste as a cement material v Blast-furnace slag, Slags in general, Slags used as Portland cement materials

Chapter 25 Clays, shales, and slates

Relation of clays, shales, and slates v Clays, Origin of clays, Composition of clays, Clays used in cement manufacture, Analyses of clays actually used v Shales, Origin and composition v Analyses of shales used as cement material v Examination of clay deposits v List of references on clays and shales v Slates, Geographic distribution of Slates, Composition of slates, Slates used in cement manufacture, References on slates v Coal ash as cement material

Chapter 26 Excavating the raw materials

Available excavation methods v The choice of methods, Choice affected by costs, Choice limited by rock conditions, Quarrying single-face, Quarrying in benches, Underground mining, Pit-and-tunnel working v Quarryingv Stripping, Quarrying single face, Quarrying in benches, Use of steam shovels, Crushing and drying in the quarry v Mining, Glory-hole and milling systems v Dredging, Marl pumping v Costs of raw material excavation, Quarrying limestone and cement rock, Quarrying clay and shale, Dredging marl v Cost of raw materials at mill, Loss on dryingActual costs at mills

Chapter 27 Calculation and control of the mix

Theoretical composition of Portland cement v Influence of normal constituents on the cement, Maximum lime content of mixture, Minimum lime content of mixture, Magnesia, Silica, Alumina, Iron oxide, Sulphur, Alkalies, Phosphorus v Influence of intentionally added fluxes v Calculating mixtures of untried materials, Cementation Index, Use of the formula in proportioning mixtures v Calculating mixtures in current work, Composition of the mixture, Methods of control v Changes in composition during manufacture

Chapter 28 Preparing the mixture for the kiln

Methods of preparation v Dry methods, Drying the raw materials, Percentage of water in raw materials, Methods and costs of drying, Grinding and mixing, General methods, Plans of actual plants, Actual equipments of dry-process plants v Methods used with slag limestone mixtures, General methods, Composition of the slag, Granulating the slag, Drying the slag, Grinding the slag, Composition of the, limestone, Economics of using slag-limestone mixtures, References on slag-limestone mixtures v Blast-furnace methods of making cement v Wet methods of preparation, Comparison of methods, Actual equipment of wet-process plants

Chapter 29 Power and grinding

Amount and source of power in cement mills v Distribution of power v Necessity for fine grinding v Actual fineness attained v Classification of grinding machinery used, 1. law crushers, 2 . Cone grinders, 3. Rolls, 4. Millstones, 5. Edge runners, 6. Centrifugal grinders, 7. Ball and tube mills, 8. Impact pulverizers v Machinery combinations actually used v Pebbles for tube mills

Chapter 30 Cement burning: fixed kilns

Classes of fixed or stationary kilns, 1. Dome or ordinary intermittent kilns, 2. Dome kilns with drying accessories, Johnson kiln, 3. Ring or Hoffmann kiln, 4. Continuous shaft kilns, Dietzsch kiln, Aalborg or Schofer kiln, Hauenschild kiln, Schwarz kiln v Reference list for fixed kilns

Chapter 31 The rotary kiln

Early history v Summary of burning process v Shape and size v Kiln size and output v Kiln linings v Actual fuel consumption and output, short kilns v Fuel consumption and output, long kilns v Factors in kiln economics

Chapter 32 Heat consumption and heat utilization

Theoretical heat requirements v Purposes for which heat is required, Heat utilized in evaporation of water, Heat utilized in decomposition of clay, Heat utilized in dissociation of sulphates, Heat utilized in dissociation of carbonates, Temperature required for clinkering, Heat utilized in heating the mix, Total theoretical, heat requirements v Heat losses in practice, Sources of loss of heat, Heat carried out in flue dust v Sources of heat supply, Heat supplied by combustion of fuel, Heat supplied by chemical combinations, Heat derived from the clinker, Heat derived from the stack-gases v Estimates and tests of heat distribution, Newberry's estimates, Helbig's estimates, Results of actual tests, Richard's tests, Carpenter's tests, Summary of estimates and tests v Heat utilization and economics, List of references on heat requirements, etc., Trend of current practice

Chapter 33 Requisites and treatment of kiln fuels

Coal, Characters of kiln coals, Analyses of kiln coals, Composition of coal ash, References on coal-fields, Crushing coal, Drying coal, Pulverizing coal, Power and output in coal grinding, Total cost of coal preparation, Fire and explosion risks, List of references on coal drying, grinding, etc. v Oil, Use of oil in rotary kilns, List of references on petroleum v Natural gas, Use of natural gas in kilns, Analyses and thermal value of gas, List of references on natural gas v Producer gas

Chapter 34 Clinker cooling, grinding, and storage. Use of gypsum

Economic factors in clinker treatment v  Clinker coolingGeneral methods of clinker cooling, Pan conveyors, rolls, and sprinkling, Stationary tower coolers, One-stage rotary cooler, Atlas two-stage rotary cooler v Clinker grinding, Power and machinery, Increase in fineness, Actual equipment of various plantsv Use and effects of gypsum or plaster, Form in which the calcium sulphate is used, Effect of calcium sulphate on set of cement, Effect of calcium sulphate on strength of cement, Methods of using gypsum or plaster, Analyses of gypsum and plaster actually used, Effect of various other salts on set of cement, List of references on use of calcium sulphate, chloride, etc. v Storage and packing, Necessity for storage, Designs of storage buildings and bins, Testing at the mill, Packing weights, American, Packing weights of different countries

Chapter 35 Costs, prices, and production

The trend of costs and prices v Costs of Portland cement manufacture, Elements of cost, Cost of cement materials at mill, Mill costs proper, Total cost on cars, Administrative and selling costs, Depreciation and depletion allowances, Total costs; their amount and trend v The course of cement prices, 1880-1927 v The production of Portland cement, World's cement industry and output, The American Portland cement industry, The Canadian Portland cement industry

Chapter 36 Constitution, setting, properties, and composition

Limitations of chemical analyses v Constitution and setting properties, Available methods of investigation, Synthetic investigations, Microscopic investigations, Theories of constitution, Recent investigations, Setting properties of Portland cement, Replacement of silica by other acids, Replacement of alumina by iron oxide, Replacement of lime by magnesia, Replacement of lime by other bases, High-alumina Portlands, High-iron Portlands, References on the constitution of Portland cement v Composition of Portland cement, Gradual change in composition since 1850, Analyses of American Portland cements, Standard methods for analysis

Chapter 37 Physical properties. Testing methods

Physical properties of Portland cement, Value of tests for fineness, Specific gravity, Setting properties, Tensile strength, Compressive strength, Ratio of compressive to tensile strength, Modulus of elasticity, Sand cement or silica cement, List of references on sand cement, Effect of heating on Portland cement, Effects of salt and freezing, Effects of exposure to sea-water, Resistance to shock, Effect of storage v Standard methods of testing, USA

Chapter 38 Specifications for Portland cement

New York State Canals, 1896v Rapid Transit Subway, N.Y. City, 1900-1901 v Department of Bridges, N.Y. City, 1901 v Engineer Corps U. S. Army, 1902 v U. S. Reclamation Service, 1904 v Canadian Society of Civil Engineers v Concrete Steel Engineering Company v British Standard Specifications v American Society for Testing Materials, 1909 v United States Government Specification, 1917-1922

PART VII PUZZOLAN CEMENTS

Chapter 39 Puzzolanic materials in general

Definition of puzzolanic materials v  Natural Puzzolanic materials, Pozzuolana, Trass, Santorin, Arenes, etc., Range and average composition of natural puzzolanic material, Natural puzzolanic materials in the United States v Artificial puzzolanic materials, Burnt clay, Blast-furnace slag

Chapter 40 Slag cement: requisites and treatment of slag

Summary of general methods of manufacture v Composition of the slag, Requisite chemical composition, Composition of slags actually used, Selection of slags, Granulating the slag, Methods of granulating the slag, Effects of granulating the slag, Increased hydraulicity due to granulation, Desulphurization due to granulation v Drying the slag, Types of dryers used, Rotary dryers, Vertical dryers

Chapter 41 Slag cement: lime, mixing, and grinding

Character and treatment of the lime, Composition of the lime, Burning the lime, Slaking the lime, Sieving and grinding the lime v Mixing and grinding, Proportions of lime and slag, Calculating the mixture, Pulverizing and mixing v Regulation of set v General practice at various plants v Costs of manufacture of slag cement v Production of slag cement v List of references on the manufacture of slag cement

Chapter 42 Slag cement: composition and properties

Identification of slag cements v Chemical composition of slag cements, Elements present, Analyses of slag cements v Physical properties of slag cements, Specific gravity, Color, Rapidity of set, Strength, Resistance to mechanical wear, Rates of compressive to tensile strength v List of references on properties and testing of slag cements v Specifications for slag (puzzolan) cements, American specifications, French specifications and use

Chapter 43 Slag bricks and slag blocks

Definition of the two groups v Slag bricks, Methods of manufacture, Practice at various plants, Hardening in steam-cylinders v Slag blocks

PART VIII ALUMINA CEMENTS AND HIGH-STRENGTH PORTLANDS

Chapter 44 Alumina cements; raw material supplies

Development of the new cementsv Definition of alumina cements; comparisons v The high-alumina minerals as raw materials v Bauxitesi laterites and other alumina hydroxides v Origin of bauxite depositsv Distribution and composition of bauxites References on American bauxite fields

Chapter 45 Alumina cements; manufacture, composition and properties

Manufacturing methods and costs, Relation of raw materials and processes, Furnace processes and costs, Electric furnace process, Rotary kiln process, References on alumina cement manufacture v Composition and properties of alumina cements, Composition fields of alumina, Portland and slag cements, Range of possible alumina cement compositions, Actual. composition of commercial alumina cements, Resistance of cements to sulphate and sea-waters, Physical properties of alumina cements, References on alumina cement properties

Chapter 46 Accelerated or high-strength Portland cements

Definition and development of High-Strength Portlandsv Raw material requirements v Manufacturing requirements v Composition trend of Portlands and high-strength Portlands v Compressive and tensile strengths, high-strength Portlands v Analyses of commercial high-strength Portlands v The trend of future practice v References on high-strength Portlands and allied cements v Economic fields of use of the new high-speed cements 

INDEX

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