|
|
Full contents listing
Cements, Limes, Plasters
A facsimile
of the third (1928) edition
Edwin Eckel
with new introductions by Paul
Livesey (UK) and
William G. Hime (USA)
Introduction
-
History of
the
chief cementing material
-
Relative
importance and growth
Production in the United States
Relation to population, United States and Canada
-
General trend
of costs and prices
Proper use of cost and price data
Trend of cementing materials costs and prices
-
Classification
and relationships of cementing materials
-
The choice of
cementing materials
-
Chemical,
physical, and geologic data
The chemical elements
Heat units
Metric conversion tables
Main classes of rocks
Geologic chronology
PART I PLASTERS
Chapter
1 Composition, distribution, excavation of gypsum
-
Chemical
composition of gypsum
-
Varieties of
gypsum
-
Physical
properties of gypsum
-
Anhydrite
-
Occurrence and
origin of gypsum deposits
-
Geologic
distribution of gypsum deposits
-
Distribution of
gypsum in the United States
-
Distribution of
gypsum in Canada
-
Distribution of
gypsum in Newfoundland
-
Examination of
gypsum deposits
-
Excavation and
handling of rock gypsum
-
Mining methods
-
Working
gypsum-earth deposits
Chapter 2 Chemistry
of gypsum-burning. Manufacture of plasters
-
Chemistry of
gypsum-burning
-
Classification
of plasters
-
Commercial
classification
-
Manufacture of
plaster of Paris, ‘cement plaster’, and wall plaster
Effect of temperature and time on properties
Grinding gypsum and plaster
Kinds of fuel used
Calcining in ovens
Calcining in kettles
Designs of kettles
Temperatures attained
Actual equipment of kettle-process plants
Calcining in rotary cylinders
Cummer system
Mannheim system
Addition of retarders and accelerators
Wall plaster
Packing weights
Costs of plaster-manufacture
Analyses of gypsum used in actual practice
References on plaster-manufacture
Chapter 3 Composition,
properties, and tests of plasters
-
Chemical composition of plasters
Theoretical composition
Actual composition of cement plasters
-
Physical properties and tests of plasters
Weight and specific gravity
Fineness of calcined plasters
Tensile strength
Compressive tests and effect of sand
Adhesive tests
-
Rate of set and hardening
Theory of the
action of retarders and accelerators
Materials used as retarders
Effect of retarders on strength of plasters
Use of accelerators
Hardening gypsum and plaster
-
References on properties and tests of plasters
Chapter
4 Flooring-plasters and hard-finish plasters
-
Characters of
the two groups
-
Flooring-plasters
Composition of flooring-plaster
Effects
of high temperatures on plasters
Methods
of manufacture
Uses of
flooring-plasters
-
Hard-finish
plasters
Definition
Keene's
cement
Manufacture
Composition
Properties
Mack's
cement
-
References on
dead-burned and hard-finish plasters
Chapter 5 The
production and utilization of gypsum
-
Total world's
output of gypsum
-
Gypsum
production of the United States
Geologic distribution of gypsum deposits
Geographic
distribution
Sources
of output by states
-
Gypsum deposits
of France
Analyses of French gypsum
-
Gypsum
production of Canada
Analyses of Canadian gypsum
-
The uses of
gypsum
The structure of the plaster industries
Total
United States consumption of gypsum
Canadian
gypsum output
Utilization
of the United States gypsum
PART II LIMES
Chapter
6 Composition, origin, and characters of
limestones
-
Origin of
limestones
-
Varieties of
limestone
-
Chemical
composition of limestone
Presence of magnesia
Presence
of silica, alumina, iron, etc.
-
Geological and
geographic distribution of limestones
References on limestone
-
Shells
as sources of lime
Chapter
7 Lime-burning
-
Theoretical
considerations
The burning of a non-magnesian limestone
The burning of a magnesian limestone
Classification
of Limes
-
Methods and
costs of lime-burning
Heat requirements in lime-burning
Types of
lime-kilns
Intermittent kilnS
Vertical kilns with mixed feed
Vertical kilns with separate feed
Ring or
chamber kilns (Hoffmann kilns)
Rotary
kilns
The
overburning of lime
Actual
fuel requirements
Fuels actually used
Utilization
of carbonic acid gas from lime-kilns
Costs of
lime-manufacture
Detailed estimates of cost
Actual costs of lime-manufacture
Statistics
of the lime industry
Chapter
8 Composition and properties of lime
-
General
properties
-
High-calcium vs.
magnesium times
-
Composition of
commercial high-calcium limes
lean or
poor limes
-
Composition of
commercial magnesian limes
-
lime-slaking
Effect of impurities present
Expansion
of volume
Effect
of the presence of magnesia
Method
of slaking lime in ordinary practice
-
Use of lime
mortars
-
Strength of
lime mortars
Chapter
9 Hydrated lime: its preparation and properties
-
Preparation of
hydrated lime
Grinding
the quicklime
Mixing
with water
Sieving
the product
-
Standards for
packing, etc.
-
Cost of equipment
-
Tests of
hydrated lime
Mixture of hydrated lime and Portland cement
-
References on
hydrated lime
-
Statistics of
hydrated lime
Chapter
10 Manufacture and properties of
lime-sand bricks
-
Definition
-
Early history
of the industry, 1838-1856
-
Theory of
lime-sand brick manufacture
-
General
processes of lime-sand brick manufacture
Necessary properties of the sand
Drying the sand
Necessary properties of the lime
Methods of slaking the lime
Proportions of mixture
Methods of molding
Methods of hardening the bricks
Costs of plant and manufacture
Composition of lime-sand bricks
Physical properties of lime-sand bricks
Tests of lime-sand bricks
Comparison with clay bricks
Comparison with natural sandstone
Statistics of the limes and brick industry
PART III
MAGNESIA AND OXYCHLORIDE CEMENTS
Chapter
11 Sources and preparation of magnesia
-
Sources of
magnesia
-
Magnesite as a
source of magnesia
Composition and character of magnesite
Occurrence and origin of magnesite
Distribution of magnesite deposits
American and Canadian deposits
European and Asiatic deposits
Analyses of commercial magnesite
Effects of heating magnesite
Methods of burning magnesite
Composition of the product
Use of magnesite for preparation of carbonic acid, etc.
-
Magnesian
limestones as sources of magnesia
Occurrence of magnesian limestones in the United States
Analyses of magnesian limestones
Extraction of magnesia from magnesian limestones
Scheibler process
Closson process
-
Sea-water and brines as sources of magnesia
Extraction of magnesia from sea-water
-
References on
magnesite, sources of magnesia, etc.
Chapter
12 Magnesia bricks and oxychloride
cements
-
Magnesia bricks
Manufacture of magnesia bricks
Composition of magnesia bricks
Physical properties of magnesia bricks
References on magnesia bricks
-
Oxychloride
cements
Sorel's discovery
Manufacture of oxychloride cements
Manufacture and properties of Sorel stone
Manufacture
Strength
Durability
Recent practice: flooring cements
Recent practice: stuccos
References on oxychloride cements, Sorel stone, etc.
PART IV HYDRAULIC LIMES, SELENITIC
LIMES, AND GRAPPIER CEMENTS
Chapter
13 The theory of hydraulic limes
-
General discussion
-
The Hydraulic Index
-
The Cementation Index
-
Use of the Cementation Index in classification
-
Definition of hydraulic limes
-
Subgroups of hydraulic limes
Chapter
14 Eminently hydraulic limes: grappier
cements
-
Eminently
hydraulic limes
Composition of the ideal hydraulic lime
Composition of the actual product
Raw materials; hydraulic limestones
Burning hydraulic lime
Slaking the lime
Sieving the product
Analyses of hydraulic limes
Weight and specific gravity
Tensile and compressive strength
Ratio compressive to tensile strength
Proportions for mortars and concretes
-
Grappier
cements
Definition
Composition of grappier cements
Physical properties of grappier cements
Later
experiences and tests
References
on hydraulic limes and grappier cements
Chapter
15 Feebly hydraulic limes: selenitic
limes
-
Feebly
hydraulic limes
General character and index
Analyses of raw material
Analyses of feebly hydraulic limes
Tensile strength
Compressive strength
-
Selenitic lime:
Scott's cement
Composition
Manufacture of selenitic lime
Tensile strength of selenitic limes
Compressive strength of selenitic limes
References on selenitic limes
PART V NATURAL CEMENTS
Chapter
16 Definition and relations of natural cements
-
Lack of
homogeneity in the group
Definition
of natural cements
Relations
of natural cements to others
-
Cementation Index of natural cements
Statement of the index
Example of calculation
Basal assumptions
Use of the Cementation Index
Values of the index for natural cements
Subgroups of the class of natural cements
Chapter
17 Raw material: natural-cement rock
-
Composition of
natural-cement rock
-
American
natural-cement rocks
General discussion
-
Analyses of
American natural-cement rocks
Illinois
Indiana-Kentucky
Kansas
Maryland
Minnesota
New York
North Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Virginia
Wisconsin
-
European
natural-cement rocks
General characters and subgroups
Natural Portlands
Roman cements
Natural-cement materials of Belgium
Natural-cement materials of England
-
Excavation of
natural-cement rock
Methods
Costs
-
References on
natural-cement rock
Chapter
18 Manufacture of natural cements
-
Processes of
manufacture
-
Burning
practice and theory
Chemical changes during burning
Relation of composition to degree of burning
Losses in burning
Types of kiln used
Fuel consumption in burning natural cement
Hard and soft clinker
Seasoning and slaking
-
Grinding the
clinker
General practice
Actual mill equipments of American plants
Types of grinding machinery employed
Separating systems
Power required in grinding
Fineness actually attained
-
Packing weights
-
Costs of
manufacture
Cost of raw material
Labor costs
Fuel costs
Total costs per barrel
-
Production of
natural cement, United States
Chapter 19 Composition
and properties of natural cements
-
Chemical
composition of natural cement
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana-Kentucky
Kansas
Maryland
Minnesota
New York
North Dakota
Pennsylvania
West Virginia-Maryland
Wisconsin
Belgium
England
France
Germany-Austria
-
Physical
properties of natural cements
Weight and specific gravity
Rapidity of set
Effects of gypsum or plaster on natural cements
Effect of salt on strength
Tensile strength
Effect of sand on tensile strength
Compressive strength
Effect of heating
Ratio of compressive to tensile strength
Modulus of elasticity
PART VI PORTLAND CEMENT
Chapter
20 Portland cement: preliminary
statements
-
Definition of
Portland cement
-
Stages in
manufacture
-
Materials used
-
Composition and
constitution
-
Cementation
Index
-
Silica-alumina
ratio
-
Kinds of raw
material used
-
Quantity of raw
material necessary
Chapter
21 Limestones
-
Limestones in
general
Varieties
and origin
Composition
of limestones
Impurities
of limestones
Physical
characters
Effects
of heating
-
Pure hard
limestones
Use in
cement manufacture
Composition
of hard limestones actually used
Prospecting
and examining limestone deposits
Preliminary examination
Detailed mapping and sampling
-
Chalk and other
soft limestones
Origin
of chalk
Distribution
of chalk in the United States
Physical
properties
Composition
of chalk and soft limestones actually used
Examining
chalk deposits
List of
references on chalks and soft limestones
Chapter
22 Argillaceous limestone cement rock
Chapter
23 Fresh-water marls
-
Various uses of
the term 'marl'
-
Occurrence of
marl deposits
-
Origin of marl
deposits
-
Geographic
distribution of marl deposits
-
Physical
characters of marl
-
Chemical
composition of marl
-
Analyses of
marls actually used
-
Examining marl
deposits
-
List of
references on marls
Chapter
24 Alkali waste: blast-furnace slag
-
Use of
by-products as cement materials
-
Alkali waste
Leblanc process waste
Ammonia process waste
Analyses of alkali wastes
List of references on alkali waste as a cement material
-
Blast-furnace
slag
Slags in general
Slags used as Portland cement materials
Chapter
25 Clays, shales, and slates
-
Relation of
clays, shales, and slates
-
Clays
Origin of clays
Composition of clays
Clays used in cement manufacture
Analyses of clays actually used
-
Shales
Origin and composition
-
Analyses of shales used as cement material
-
Examination of
clay deposits
-
List of
references on clays and shales
-
Slates
Geographic distribution of Slates
Composition of slates
Slates used in cement manufacture
References on slates
-
Coal ash as
cement material
Chapter
26 Excavating the raw materials
-
Available
excavation methods
-
The choice of
methods
Choice affected by costs
Choice limited by rock conditions
Quarrying single-face
Quarrying in benches
Underground mining
Pit-and-tunnel working
-
Quarrying
-
Stripping
Quarrying single face
Quarrying in benches
Use of steam shovels
Crushing and drying in the quarry
-
Mining
Glory-hole and milling systems
-
Dredging
Marl pumping
-
Costs of raw material excavation
Quarrying limestone and cement rock
Quarrying clay and shale
Dredging marl
-
Cost of raw materials at mill
Loss on drying
Actual costs at mills
Chapter
27 Calculation and control of the mix
-
Theoretical
composition of Portland cement
-
Influence of
normal constituents on the cement
Maximum lime content of mixture
Minimum lime content of mixture
Magnesia
Silica
Alumina
Iron oxide
Sulphur
Alkalies
Phosphorus
-
Influence of
intentionally added fluxes
-
Calculating
mixtures of untried materials
Cementation Index
Use of the formula in proportioning mixtures
-
Calculating
mixtures in current work
Composition of the mixture
Methods of control
-
Changes in
composition during manufacture
Chapter
28 Preparing the mixture for the kiln
-
Methods of preparation
-
Dry methods
Drying the raw materials
Percentage of water in raw materials
Methods and costs of drying
Grinding and mixing
General methods
Plans of actual plants
Actual equipments of dry-process plants
-
Methods used
with slag limestone mixtures
General methods
Composition of the slag
Granulating the slag
Drying the slag
Grinding the slag
Composition of the, limestone
Economics of using slag-limestone mixtures
References on slag-limestone mixtures
-
Blast-furnace
methods of making cement
-
Wet methods of
preparation
Comparison of methods
Actual equipment of wet-process plants
Chapter
29 Power and grinding
-
Amount and
source of power in cement mills
-
Distribution of
power
-
Necessity for
fine grinding
-
Actual fineness
attained
-
Classification
of grinding machinery used
1. law crushers
2 . Cone grinders
3. Rolls
4. Millstones
5. Edge runners
6. Centrifugal grinders
7. Ball and tube mills
8. Impact pulverizers
-
Machinery
combinations actually used
-
Pebbles for
tube mills
Chapter
30 Cement burning: fixed kilns
-
Classes of
fixed or stationary kilns
1. Dome or ordinary intermittent kilns
2. Dome kilns with drying accessories
Johnson kiln
3. Ring or Hoffmann kiln
4. Continuous shaft kilns
Dietzsch kiln
Aalborg or Schofer kiln
Hauenschild kiln
Schwarz kiln
-
Reference list
for fixed kilns
Chapter
31 The rotary kiln
-
Early history
-
Summary of
burning process
-
Shape and size
-
Kiln size and
output
-
Kiln linings
-
Actual fuel
consumption and output, short kilns
-
Fuel
consumption and output, long kilns
-
Factors in kiln
economics
Chapter
32 Heat consumption and heat utilization
-
Theoretical
heat requirements
-
Purposes for which heat is required
Heat utilized in evaporation of water
Heat utilized in decomposition of clay
Heat utilized in dissociation of sulphates
Heat utilized in dissociation of carbonates
Temperature required for clinkering
Heat utilized in heating the mix
Total theoretical. heat requirements
-
Heat losses in
practice
Sources of loss of heat
Heat carried out in flue dust
-
Sources of heat
supply
Heat supplied by combustion of fuel
Heat supplied by chemical combinations
Heat derived from the clinker
Heat derived from the stack-gases
-
Estimates and
tests of heat distribution
Newberry's estimates
Helbig's estimates
Results of actual tests
Richard's tests
Carpenter's tests
Summary of estimates and tests
-
Heat
utilization and economics
List of references on heat requirements, etc.
Trend of current practice
Chapter
33 Requisites and treatment of kiln fuels
-
Coal
Characters
of kiln coals
Analyses
of kiln coals
Composition
of coal ash
References
on coal-fields
Crushing
coal
Drying
coal
Pulverizing
coal
Power
and output in coal grinding
Total
cost of coal preparation
Fire
and explosion risks
List
of references on coal drying, grinding, etc.
-
Oil
Use
of oil in rotary kilns
List
of references on petroleum
-
Natural gas
Use of natural gas in kilns
Analyses and thermal value of gas
List of references on natural gas
-
Producer gas
Chapter
34 Clinker cooling, grinding, and
storage. Use of gypsum
-
Economic
factors in clinker treatment
-
Clinker cooling
General methods of clinker cooling
Pan conveyors, rolls, and sprinkling
Stationary tower coolers
One-stage rotary cooler
Atlas two-stage rotary cooler
-
Clinker
grinding
Power and machinery
Increase in fineness
Actual equipment of various plants
-
Use and effects
of gypsum or plaster
Form in which the calcium sulphate is used
Effect of calcium sulphate on set of cement
Effect of calcium sulphate on strength of cement
Methods of using gypsum or plaster
Analyses of gypsum and plaster actually used
Effect of various other salts on set of cement
List of references on use of calcium sulphate, chloride, etc.
-
Storage and
packing
Necessity for storage
Designs of storage buildings and bins
Testing at the mill
Packing weights, American
Packing weights of different countries
Chapter
35 Costs, prices, and production
-
The trend of
costs and prices
-
Costs of
Portland cement manufacture
Elements of cost
Cost of cement materials at mill
Mill costs proper
Total cost on cars
Administrative and selling costs
Depreciation and depletion allowances
Total costs; their amount and trend
-
The course of
cement prices, 1880-1927
-
The production
of Portland cement
World's cement industry and output
The American Portland cement industry
The Canadian Portland cement industry
Chapter
36 Constitution, setting, properties, and
composition
-
Limitations of
chemical analyses
-
Constitution
and setting properties
Available methods of investigation
Synthetic investigations
Microscopic investigations
Theories of constitution
Recent investigations
Setting properties of Portland cement
Replacement of silica by other acids
Replacement of alumina by iron oxide
Replacement of lime by magnesia
Replacement of lime by other bases
High-alumina Portlands
High-iron Portlands
References on the constitution of Portland cement
-
Composition of
Portland cement
Gradual change in composition since 1850
Analyses of American Portland cements
Standard methods for analysis
Chapter
37 Physical properties. Testing methods
-
Physical
properties of Portland cement
Value of tests for fineness
Specific gravity
Setting properties
Tensile strength
Compressive strength
Ratio of compressive to tensile strength
Modulus of elasticity
Sand cement or silica cement
List of references on sand cement
Effect of heating on Portland cement
Effects of salt and freezing
Effects of exposure to sea-water
Resistance to shock
Effect of storage
-
Standard
methods of testing, U.S.A
Chapter
38 Specifications for Portland cement
-
New York State
Canals, 1896
-
Rapid Transit
Subway, N.Y. City, 1900-1901
-
Department of Bridges, N.Y. City, 1901
-
Engineer Corps U. S. Army, 1902
-
U. S. Reclamation Service, 1904
-
Canadian Society of Civil Engineers
-
Concrete Steel Engineering Company
-
British
Standard Specifications
-
American
Society for Testing Materials, 1909
-
United
States Government Specification, 1917-1922
PART VII PUZZOLAN CEMENTS
Chapter
39 Puzzolanic materials in general
-
Definition of puzzolanic materials
-
Natural Puzzolanic materials
Pozzuolana
Trass
Santorin
Arenes, etc.
Range and average composition of natural puzzolanic material
Natural puzzolanic materials in the United States
-
Artificial puzzolanic materials
Burnt clay
Blast-furnace slag
Chapter
40 Slag cement: requisites and treatment of slag
|